ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGGUNAAN BUKTI DIGITAL DALAM PENANGANAN DUGAAN KORUPSI PENGADAAN CHROMEBOOK: PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ACARA PIDANA DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

Abstrak

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah mengubah lanskap pembuktian tindak pidana korupsi, di mana data elektronik seperti percakapan WhatsApp, rekam jejak rapat daring, dan dokumen digital semakin sering dijadikan alat bukti utama di persidangan. Fenomena ini tampak jelas dalam penanganan dugaan korupsi pengadaan laptop Chromebook di Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi periode 2019–2022, yang persidangannya banyak bertumpu pada bukti percakapan elektronik dan dokumen kajian teknis digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan hukum mengenai bukti digital dalam pembuktian tindak pidana korupsi berdasarkan KUHAP, Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, serta peraturan terkait, dan menganalisis penerapan serta kekuatan pembuktian bukti digital dalam penanganan perkara Chromebook. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis, melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual, dengan data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bukti digital berkedudukan sebagai perluasan alat bukti petunjuk dan/atau surat dalam Pasal 184 KUHAP, namun keabsahannya dalam perkara Chromebook diperdebatkan karena sebagian bukti percakapan diajukan secara terpotong tanpa didukung forensik digital yang utuh, sebagaimana tercermin dalam dissenting opinion majelis hakim yang menuntut standar pembuktian lebih tinggi untuk white-collar crime. Penelitian menyimpulkan perlunya penguatan syarat formil integritas bukti digital berupa kewajiban hash value, chain of custody, dan keterangan ahli forensik digital sebagai prasyarat penerimaan bukti elektronik dalam perkara korupsi.

The development of information technology has transformed the landscape of evidence in corruption cases, where electronic data such as WhatsApp conversations, online meeting records, and digital documents are increasingly used as primary evidence in court proceedings. This phenomenon is clearly reflected in the handling of the alleged corruption in the procurement of Chromebook laptops at the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology during the 2019–2022 period, in which the proceedings largely relied on electronic conversation evidence and digital technical study documents. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of digital evidence in proving corruption offenses based on the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and related regulations, as well as to analyze the application and evidentiary strength of digital evidence in handling the Chromebook case. This research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical specification, using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, with secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study indicate that digital evidence is positioned as an extension of documentary evidence and/or indicative evidence under Article 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). However, its admissibility in the Chromebook case remains disputed because some conversation evidence was submitted in a fragmented manner without being supported by comprehensive digital forensic examination, as reflected in the dissenting opinion of the panel of judges, which required a higher standard of proof for white-collar crime. The study concludes that it is necessary to strengthen the formal requirements for the integrity of digital evidence through mandatory hash values, chain of custody, and testimony from digital forensic experts as prerequisites for the admissibility of electronic evidence in corruption cases.