EFEKTIVITAS PERAN TENAGA KESEHATAN DALAM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA ERUPSI GUNUNG LEWOTOLOK DI KABUPATEN LEMBATA NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas peran tenaga kesehatan dalam penanggulangan bencana erupsi Gunung Lewotolok di Kabupaten Lembata, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Erupsi besar yang terjadi pada 29 November 2020 mengakibatkan lebih dari 7.968 jiwa mengungsi dari 27 desa serta menimbulkan berbagai dampak kesehatan, di antaranya peningkatan kasus infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) sebesar 340%, 127 kasus iritasi mata, 89 kasus iritasi kulit, dan sejumlah kasus trauma psikologis. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Informan dipilih secara purposive sampling, meliputi tenaga kesehatan, petugas Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPBD), dan masyarakat terdampak. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik interaktif yang mencakup reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan, serta diperkuat dengan triangulasi sumber, teknik, dan waktu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kesehatan berperan aktif dan cukup efektif pada setiap tahapan bencana: pra bencana (penyuluhan dan pelatihan kesiapsiagaan), tanggap darurat (pelayanan medis dan evakuasi korban), fase emergency (pemantauan kesehatan pengungsi dan pengendalian penyakit menular), serta rekonstruksi (pemulihan kesehatan fisik dan psikologis masyarakat). Faktor pendukung efektivitas meliputi komitmen dan dedikasi tenaga kesehatan, dukungan pemerintah pusat dan daerah, bantuan organisasi kemanusiaan internasional (WHO dan UNICEF), kearifan lokal dan partisipasi masyarakat, sistem informasi dan komunikasi yang memadai, pelatihan manajemen kebencanaan, serta ketersediaan logistik dan obat-obatan esensial. Kendala utama yang dihadapi antara lain keterbatasan jumlah tenaga kesehatan berkompetensi khusus manajemen bencana, kondisi geografis wilayah yang sulit dijangkau, serta keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana kesehatan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan kapasitas tenaga kesehatan secara berkelanjutan dan pembenahan sistem penanggulangan bencana guna mengoptimalkan pelayanan kesehatan bagi masyarakat terdampak di masa mendatang.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the role of health workers in disaster management during the eruption of Mount Lewotolok in Lembata Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The major eruption on November 29, 2020 displaced more than 7,968 people from 27 villages and caused numerous health impacts, including a 340% increase in acute respiratory infection (ARI) cases, 127 cases of eye irritation, 89 cases of skin irritation, and multiple cases of psychological trauma. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies as data collection techniques. Informants were selected through purposive sampling, consisting of health workers, Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) officers, and affected community members. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive technique encompassing data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, validated through source, method, and time triangulation. The findings indicate that health workers played an active and reasonably effective role at each stage of disaster management: pre-disaster (health education and preparedness training), emergency response (medical services and victim evacuation), emergency phase (monitoring evacuee health and controlling infectious diseases), and reconstruction (physical and psychological health recovery). Factors supporting effectiveness included the commitment and dedication of health workers, support from central and local governments, assistance from international humanitarian organizations (WHO and UNICEF), local wisdom and community participation, adequate information and communication systems, disaster management training, and availability of essential logistics and medicines. Key challenges faced were a shortage of health workers with specialized disaster management competencies, difficult geographical conditions, and limited health infrastructure. This study recommends continuous capacity building of health workers and strengthening of the disaster management system to optimize health services for affected communities in the future.