SEJARAH ASY-ARIYAH DAN POKOK-POKOK AJARANNYA

Abstrak

Makalah ini membahas kemunculan dan perkembangan aliran teologi Asy’ariyah dalam khazanah pemikiran Islam. Aliran ini lahir sebagai respon kritis Abu al-Hasan al-Asy’ari terhadap ajaran Mu’tazilah, terutama terkait persoalan ketuhanan, nasib manusia, serta sifat dan keadilan Tuhan. Setelah mengalami perdebatan intelektual dengan gurunya, Abu Ali al-Jubai, al-Asy’ari meninggalkan Mu’tazilah dan membangun fondasi pemikiran baru yang menengahi antara rasionalisme Mu’tazilah dan tradisionalisme ahl al-hadis. Pemikiran Asy’ariyah kemudian berkembang luas melalui kontribusi para tokoh penerus seperti al-Baqillani, al-Juwaini, dan al-Ghazali hingga menjadi mazhab teologi terbesar dalam Sunni. Prinsip utama Asy’ariyah menegaskan bahwa sifat Allah adalah qadim, Al-Qur’an merupakan kalam Allah yang tidak diciptakan, melihat Allah di akhirat adalah mungkin, serta perbuatan manusia terjadi melalui konsep kasb, yaitu usaha manusia yang tetap berada dalam kehendak dan penciptaan Tuhan. Ajaran ini turut memberikan pengaruh besar dalam tradisi intelektual dan pendidikan Islam, khususnya di dunia Muslim hingga masa kini.

This paper discusses the emergence and development of the Ash'ariyah theological school within the treasury of Islamic thought. This school emerged as a critical response by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari to the teachings of the Mu'tazilah, particularly regarding the issues of divinity, human destiny, and the nature and justice of God. After experiencing intellectual debate with his teacher, Abu Ali al-Jubai, al-Ash'ari left the Mu'tazilah and built a new foundation of thought that mediated between the rationalism of the Mu'tazilah and the traditionalism of the ahl al-hadith. Ash'ariyah thought then developed widely through the contributions of successor figures such as al-Baqillani, al-Juwayni, and al-Ghazali until it became the largest theological school in Sunni Islam. The main principles of Ash'ariyah emphasize that the nature of God is eternal, the Qur'an is the uncreated word of God, seeing God in the afterlife is possible, and human actions occur through the concept of kasb, namely human efforts that remain within the will and creation of God. This teaching has also had a major influence on the intellectual and educational traditions of Islam, especially in the Muslim world until today.