PERAN KELEMBAGAAN DALAM EFISIENSI PASAR : MENGURANGI BIAYA TRANSAKSI DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DAN MODERN

Abstrak

This study aims to analyze the role of institutions in enhancing market efficiency by reducing transaction costs in traditional and modern markets in Palangka Raya City. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with case studies conducted in two traditional markets and one modern market. Data were collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews with 15 traders, 20 consumers, and 5 market managers, as well as documentation of regulations and transaction records. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles & Huberman (1994) interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that traditional markets are dominated by informal institutions such as social norms, trust, and trader reputation, which help reduce bargaining costs but still face high information and monitoring costs. In contrast, modern markets rely on formal institutions including contracts, quality standards, SOPs, and the use of information technology, which reduce information and monitoring costs but limit social interaction flexibility. This study concludes that combining formal and informal institutions is the most effective strategy to improve market efficiency.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peran kelembagaan dalam meningkatkan efisiensi pasar melalui pengurangan biaya transaksi pada pasar tradisional dan modern di Kota Palangka Raya. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan studi kasus pada dua pasar tradisional dan satu pasar modern. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam dengan 15 pedagang, 20 konsumen, dan 5 pengelola pasar, serta dokumentasi berupa peraturan dan catatan transaksi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan model Miles & Huberman (1994) melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasar tradisional didominasi oleh kelembagaan informal berupa norma sosial, kepercayaan, dan reputasi pedagang yang mampu menekan biaya negosiasi, namun masih menghadapi biaya pencarian informasi dan pengawasan yang tinggi. Sebaliknya, pasar modern ditopang oleh kelembagaan formal berupa kontrak, standar mutu, SOP, serta pemanfaatan teknologi informasi yang menurunkan biaya pencarian informasi dan pengawasan, meskipun mengurangi fleksibilitas interaksi sosial. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kombinasi kelembagaan formal dan informal merupakan strategi terbaik untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pasar.